Ekucutshungulweni kwensimbi yensimbi, kuzoba nezinto ezihlukene zokusebenzela, izinto ezihlukene ukubunjwa kwayo nokususa izici zihlukile, singazi kanjani kahle izici zezinto ezihlukahlukene?Izinto zensimbi ezijwayelekile ze-ISO zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu ezinhlobo ezi-6 ezihlukene, ngalinye elinezakhiwo ezihlukile ngokuya ngobuchule futhi lizofingqwa ngokwehlukana kulesi sihloko.
Izinto zensimbi zihlukaniswe ngezigaba eziyisi-6:
(1) Insimbi ye-P
(2) M-insimbi engagqwali
(3) Insimbi ye-K-cast
(4) N- insimbi engeyona insimbi
(5) S- Ingxubevange ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa
(6) H-insimbi eqinile
Iyini insimbi?
- Insimbi yiqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke emkhakheni wokusika insimbi.
- Insimbi ingaba yinsimbi engaqinile noma eqinile (ukuqina kufika ku-400HB).
- Insimbi iyingxubevange enensimbi (Fe) njengengxenye yayo eyinhloko.Yenziwa ngenqubo yokuncibilikisa.
- Insimbi engahlanganisiwe inokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni engaphansi kuka-0.8%, i-Fe kuphela futhi azikho ezinye izakhi ze-alloying.
- Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni yensimbi ye-alloy kungaphansi kuka-1.7%, futhi izakhi ze-alloying zengezwa, njenge-Ni, Cr, Mo, V, W, njll.
- Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephansi = into eqinile ye-viscous.
- Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu = impahla ebolayo.
Izici zokucubungula:
- Izinto ze-chip ezinde.
- Ukulawulwa kwe-chip kulula futhi kubushelelezi.
- Insimbi emaphakathi iyanamathela futhi idinga umphetho obukhali wokusika.
- Iyunithi yokusika amandla kc: 1500~3100 N/mm².
- Amandla okusika namandla adingekayo ukucubungula izinto ze-ISO P angaphakathi kwenani elilinganiselwe lamanani.
Iyini insimbi engagqwali?
- Insimbi engagqwali iyingxubevange ene-chromium okungenani engu-11% ~ 12%.
- Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kuvame ukuba kuphansi kakhulu (kufika ku-0.01% Max).
- Ama-alloys ngokuyinhloko yi-Ni (nickel), i-Mo (molybdenum) ne-Ti (titanium).
- Yakha ungqimba oluminyene lwe-Cr2O3 ebusweni bensimbi, iyenze imelane nokugqwala.
KuQembu M, izicelo eziningi zisezimbonini zikawoyela negesi, ukufakwa kwamapayipi, ama-flange, ukucubungula kanye nezimboni zemithi.
Impahla yakha ama-chips angajwayelekile, ahlakazekile futhi inamandla okusika aphezulu kunensimbi evamile.Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zensimbi engagqwali.Ukusebenza kwe-chip breaking (kusuka kokulula kuye cishe okungenakwenzeka ukuhlephula ama-chips) kuyahlukahluka kuye ngezici ze-alloy nokwelashwa kokushisa.
Izici zokucubungula:
- Izinto ze-chip ezinde.
Ukulawulwa kwe-chip kubushelelezi ku-ferrite futhi kunzima kakhulu ku-austenite ne-biphase.
- Amandla okusika iyunithi: 1800 ~ 2850 N/mm².
- Amandla okusika aphezulu, ukwakheka kwe-chip, ukushisa nokusebenza kanzima ngesikhathi somshini.
Iyini insimbi?
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko ze-cast iron: grey cast iron (GCI), nodular cast iron (NCI) kanye ne-vermicular cast iron (CGI).
- I-cast iron ikakhulukazi yakhiwe i-Fe-C, enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-silicon (1%~3%).
- Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okungaphezu kuka-2%, okuyi-solubility enkulu ka-C esigabeni se-austenite.
- I-Cr (i-chromium), i-Mo (molybdenum) ne-V (vanadium) yengezwa ukwenza ama-carbides, akhulisa amandla nobulukhuni kodwa kunciphisa ukukwazi ukusebenza.
I-Group K isetshenziswa kakhulu ezingxenyeni zezimoto, ukukhiqiza umshini kanye nokwenza insimbi.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-chip yezinto kuyahlukahluka, kusukela kuma-chips acishe abe yimpuphu kuye kuma-chips amade.Amandla adingekayo ukucubungula leli qembu lezinto ezibonakalayo ngokuvamile mancane.
Qaphela ukuthi kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-grey cast iron (evamise ukuba nama-chips acishe abe yimpuphu) ne-ductile cast iron, okuphuka kwayo i-chip ezimeni eziningi kufane kakhulu nensimbi.
Izici zokucubungula:
- Impahla ye-chip emfushane.
- Ukulawulwa kwe-chip okuhle kuzo zonke izimo zokusebenza.
- Amandla okusika iyunithi: 790~1350 N/mm².
- Ukuguga kwenzeka uma kwenziwa imishini ngesivinini esiphezulu.
- Amandla okusika aphakathi.
Yiziphi izinto ezingezona insimbi?
- Lesi sigaba siqukethe izinsimbi ezingezona ayoni, izinsimbi ezithambile ezinobunzima obungaphansi kuka-130HB.
Ama-alloys ensimbi engenzi-ferrous (Al) ane-silicon (Si) ecishe ibe ngu-22% enza ingxenye enkulu kakhulu.
- Ithusi, ithusi, ithusi.
Abakhiqizi bezindiza nabakhiqizi bamasondo emoto e-aluminium alloy balawula iQembu N.
Nakuba amandla adingekayo nge-mm³ ngayinye (cubic inch) ephansi, kusadingeka ukubala amandla aphezulu adingekayo ukuze kutholwe izinga eliphezulu lokususwa kwensimbi.
Izici zokucubungula:
- Izinto ze-chip ezinde.
- Uma kuyingxubevange, ukulawulwa kwe-chip kulula.
- Izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous (Al) ziyanamathela futhi zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwemiphetho ebukhali yokusika.
- Amandla okusika amayunithi: 350~700 N/mm².
- Amandla okusika namandla adingekayo ukucubungula izinto ze-ISO N angaphakathi kwenani elilinganiselwe lamanani.
Iyini ingxubevange ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa?
Ama-alloys angangeni ekushiseni (HRSA) ahlanganisa insimbi exutshwe kakhulu, i-nickel, i-cobalt noma izinto ezisekelwe ku-titanium.
- Iqembu: Insimbi, i-nickel, i-cobalt.
- Izimo zokusebenza: annealing, isixazululo ukwelashwa ukushisa, ukwelashwa ukuguga, rolling, forging, casting.
Izici:
Okuqukethwe kwe-alloy ephakeme (i-cobalt iphakeme kune-nickel) kuqinisekisa ukumelana nokushisa okungcono, amandla aphezulu okudonsa kanye nokumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu.
Izinto ze-S-group, okunzima ukuzicubungula, zisetshenziswa kakhulu ku-aerospace, i-gas turbine kanye nezimboni zamajeneretha.
Ububanzi bubanzi, kodwa amandla okusika aphezulu avame ukuba khona.
Izici zokucubungula:
- Izinto ze-chip ezinde.
- Ukulawula i-chip kunzima (ama-chips ajagged).
- I-engeli engaphambili enegethivu iyadingeka kuma-ceramics kanti i-engeli engaphambili iyadingeka ku-carbide enosimende.
- Iyunithi yokusika amandla:
Okwama-alloys amelana nokushisa: 2400~3100 N/mm².
Okwe-titanium alloy: 1300~1400 N/mm².
- Amandla okusika aphezulu namandla adingekayo.
Iyini insimbi eqinile?
- Ngokombono wokucubungula, insimbi eqinile ingenye yamaqembu amancane kakhulu.
- Leli qembu liqukethe izinsimbi eziqinile ezinobunzima> 45 kuya ku-65HRC.
- Ngokuvamile, ububanzi bezingxenye eziqinile eziphendulwayo ngokuvamile buphakathi kuka-55 no-68HRC.
Izinsimbi eziqinile kuQembu H zisetshenziswa ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene, njengemboni yezimoto kanye nosonkontileka abancane bayo, kanye nasekwakhiweni kwemishini nokusebenza kwesikhunta.
Ngokuvamile aqhubekayo, ama-red-hot chips.Lokhu kushisa okuphezulu kusiza ukwehlisa inani le-kc1, okubalulekile ukusiza ukuxazulula izinselele zohlelo lokusebenza.
Izici zokucubungula:
- Izinto ze-chip ezinde.
- Ukulawulwa okuhle kwe-chip.
- Dinga i-Engeli yangaphambili enegethivu.
- Amandla okusika iyunithi: 2550 ~ 4870 N/mm².
- Amandla okusika aphezulu namandla adingekayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-24-2023